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2,6-Diaminohex-4-enoic+acid
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2,6-Diaminohex-4-enoic+acid
Catalog Number:
(75933-296)
Supplier:
Rockland Immunochemical
Description:
TYW2, also known as TRM12, is an enzyme that participates in the wybutosine-tRNA (Phe) biosynthesis pathway. Wybutosine (yW) is a hypermodified guanosine at the 3-prime position adjacent to the anticodon of phenylalanine tRNA that stabilizes codon-anticodon interactions during decoding on the ribosome. TYW2 is involved in a multistep enzymatic reaction that stabilizes codon-anticodon base-pairing during the ribosomal decoding process, thereby ensuring correct translation. TYW2 was found to be amplified in 7 of 8 breast cancers cell lines analyzed, and qPCR analysis of 30 breast tumors showed overexpression of TYW2 mRNA of over 2-fold in 26, suggesting that TYW2 may play a role in breast cancer.
Supplier:
PeproTech, Inc.
Description:
IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays an important role in host defense by regulating immune and inflammatory responses. Produced by T cells, monocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and keratinocytes, IL-6 has diverse biological functions. It stimulates B cell differentiation and antibody production, synergizes with IL-3 in megakaryocyte development and platelet production, induces expression of hepatic acute-phase proteins, and regulates bone metabolism. IL-6 signals through the IL-6 receptor system that consists of two chains, IL-6Rα and gp130. Murine IL-6 is inactive on human cells, while both human and murine are equally active on murine cells. Recombinant Rat IL-6 is a 21.7 kDa protein containing 188 amino acid residues.
Catalog Number:
(10486-596)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
SAS-6 (spindle assembly abnormal protein 6 homolog, HsSAS-6) is a 657 amino acid protein encoded by the human gene SAS6. SAS-6 is a component of the centrosome that contains one PISA (present in SAS-6) domain. LK4, SAS-6, CPAP and other centriole related proteins are required at different stages of procentriole formation and were associated with different centriolar structures. SAS-6 associates only transiently with nascent procentrioles, whereas CEP135 and CPAP form a core structure within the proximal lumen of both parental and nascent centrioles. SAS-6 is necessary for procentriole formation in human cell lines and is localized asymmetrically next to the centriole at the onset of procentriole formation. SAS-6 levels oscillate during the cell cycle; it is degraded in mitosis starting at anaphase, and it accumulates again at the end of the following G1 phase. The anaphase-promoting complex targets SAS-6 for degradation by the 26S Proteasome, and a KEN box in the C-terminus of SAS-6 is necessary for its degradation. Increased SAS-6 levels promoted the formation of multiple procentrioles forming next to a single centriole.
Catalog Number:
(10486-616)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
SAS-6 (spindle assembly abnormal protein 6 homolog, HsSAS-6) is a 657 amino acid protein encoded by the human gene SAS6. SAS-6 is a component of the centrosome that contains one PISA (present in SAS-6) domain. LK4, SAS-6, CPAP and other centriole related proteins are required at different stages of procentriole formation and were associated with different centriolar structures. SAS-6 associates only transiently with nascent procentrioles, whereas CEP135 and CPAP form a core structure within the proximal lumen of both parental and nascent centrioles. SAS-6 is necessary for procentriole formation in human cell lines and is localized asymmetrically next to the centriole at the onset of procentriole formation. SAS-6 levels oscillate during the cell cycle; it is degraded in mitosis starting at anaphase, and it accumulates again at the end of the following G1 phase. The anaphase-promoting complex targets SAS-6 for degradation by the 26S Proteasome, and a KEN box in the C-terminus of SAS-6 is necessary for its degradation. Increased SAS-6 levels promoted the formation of multiple procentrioles forming next to a single centriole.
Catalog Number:
(10486-618)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
SAS-6 (spindle assembly abnormal protein 6 homolog, HsSAS-6) is a 657 amino acid protein encoded by the human gene SAS6. SAS-6 is a component of the centrosome that contains one PISA (present in SAS-6) domain. LK4, SAS-6, CPAP and other centriole related proteins are required at different stages of procentriole formation and were associated with different centriolar structures. SAS-6 associates only transiently with nascent procentrioles, whereas CEP135 and CPAP form a core structure within the proximal lumen of both parental and nascent centrioles. SAS-6 is necessary for procentriole formation in human cell lines and is localized asymmetrically next to the centriole at the onset of procentriole formation. SAS-6 levels oscillate during the cell cycle; it is degraded in mitosis starting at anaphase, and it accumulates again at the end of the following G1 phase. The anaphase-promoting complex targets SAS-6 for degradation by the 26S Proteasome, and a KEN box in the C-terminus of SAS-6 is necessary for its degradation. Increased SAS-6 levels promoted the formation of multiple procentrioles forming next to a single centriole.
Supplier:
PeproTech, Inc.
Description:
Visfatin is a 55 kDa protein produced and secreted primarily by white adipose tissue. Recently, visfatin was isolated from visceral fat deposits and shown to possess insulin-mimetic activity. Like insulin, visfatin exerts hypoglycemic effects by interacting with the insulin receptor. The binding affinity of visfatin for the insulin receptor is similar to that of insulin, but it does not compete with insulin, suggesting that the two proteins interact with different receptor sites. The circulating levels of visfatin are much lower than those of insulin and are not affected by feeding, implying that the hypoglycemic effect of visfatin may not be of physiological importance. The plasma visfatin levels, like those of leptin, correlate positively with the percent of body fat, and increase during the development of obesity. Receptors for both leptin (Ob-R) and visfatin (i.e. the insulin receptor) are expressed by neurons within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, a brain area that plays a pivotal role in the regulation of energy metabolism. Although the metabolic function of visfatin is still unknown, it appears that this newly identified adipocytokine might play an important role, similar to that of leptin, in the regulation of body weight, i.e. as an afferent signal reflecting excess body fat. The PBEF gene encodes a polypeptide of 491 amino acid residues. The secreted form of this polypeptide, i.e. visfatin, contains 465 residues and lacks the first 26 N-terminal residues of the PBEF gene product. The 491-residue form has been shown to be a nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase, a cytosolic enzyme involved in NAD biosynthesis. The amino acid sequence of visfatin is highly conserved across different species and shows no homology to any known protein. It contains 5 cysteine residues, of which only two of them appear to be involved in disulfide bridge formation. Recombinant human Visfatin is a 52.6 kDa protein containing 466 amino acid residues (isoform 1).
Catalog Number:
(10748-814)
Supplier:
Prosci
Description:
CIP75 Antibody: The ubiquitin-proteosome pathway of protein degradation is one of the mechanisms that ensure the proper level of cellular proteins. The ubiquitin-like (UbL) and ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain containing protein family is thought to be involved in proteosomal degradation. One such protein is CIP75, also known as ubiquilin-4, interacts with a number of proteins such as Ataxin-1 and Connexin-43, resulting in an increased rate of turnover of these proteins. Overexpression CIP75 led to a significant reduction of Connexin-43 half-life, with the opposite being observed in siRNA knockdown experiments. CIP75 contains an N-terminal UbL domain which is thought to interact with proteins of the 26S proteosome complex and a C-terminal UBA domain which appears to mediate its interaction with Connexin-75. At least three isoforms of CIP75 are known to exist.
Catalog Number:
(76110-384)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
SAS-6 (spindle assembly abnormal protein 6 homolog, HsSAS-6) is a 657 amino acid protein encoded by the human gene SAS6. SAS-6 is a component of the centrosome that contains one PISA (present in SAS-6) domain. LK4, SAS-6, CPAP and other centriole related proteins are required at different stages of procentriole formation and were associated with different centriolar structures. SAS-6 associates only transiently with nascent procentrioles, whereas CEP135 and CPAP form a core structure within the proximal lumen of both parental and nascent centrioles. SAS-6 is necessary for procentriole formation in human cell lines and is localized asymmetrically next to the centriole at the onset of procentriole formation. SAS-6 levels oscillate during the cell cycle; it is degraded in mitosis starting at anaphase, and it accumulates again at the end of the following G1 phase. The anaphase-promoting complex targets SAS-6 for degradation by the 26S Proteasome, and a KEN box in the C-terminus of SAS-6 is necessary for its degradation. Increased SAS-6 levels promoted the formation of multiple procentrioles forming next to a single centriole.
Catalog Number:
(10750-172)
Supplier:
Prosci
Description:
CSN8 Antibody: The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is an evolutionarily conserved protein complex of the eight subunits that interacts with deubiquitinating enzymes and protein kinases and is highly homologous to the lid sub-complex of 26S proteasome. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, which leads to a decrease in ubiquitin ligase activity of SCF-comlpexes such as SCF, CSA or DDB2. It is also involved in phosphorylation of p53, c-jun/JUN, ITPK1 and IRF8/ICSBP, possibly via its association with CK2 and PKD kinases. CSN8 encodes the smallest and the least conserved but first identified subunit of CSN. Recent studies show CSN8 is essential for Drosophila development and is essential for peripheral T cell homeostasis and antigen receptor-induced entry into the cell cycle from quiescence.
Catalog Number:
(10477-950)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
FAM50A, also known as DXS9928E, HXC26, XAP5 or 9F, is a 339 amino acid nuclear protein that belongs to the FAM50 family. Expressed ubiquitously with highest expression in fetal kidney, liver and brain, as well as adult heart, spleen, skeletal muscle, prostate and small intestine, FAM50A is thought to function as a transcription factor that may bind to DNA. FAM50A contains an SV40 large T antigen nuclear localization signal and a polymorphic CCG repeat region in its 5’-UTR. Defects in the gene encoding FAM50A may be associated with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, suggesting a possible role for FAM50A in carcinogenesis.
Catalog Number:
(75788-974)
Supplier:
Prosci
Description:
Interleukin-20 (IL-20) is a member of the IL-10 family of regulatory cytokines that includes IL-10, IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 and IL-26. Members of this family share partial homology in their amino acid sequences but they are dissimilar in their biological functions. IL-20 exhibits approximately 28% amino acid identity with IL-10 and 76% amino acid identity with mouse IL-20. There are two heterodimeric receptor complexes for IL-20. The first is composed of IL-20 R alpha and IL-20 R beta . The second is composed of IL-22 R and IL-20 R beta . Whereas the IL-22 R/IL-20 R beta complex is shared with IL-24, the IL-20 R alpha/IL-20 R beta complex is shared with both IL-19 and IL-24. IL-20 has been shown to initiate transduction cascades involving STAT3 and stimulates the induction of pro-inflammatory genes including TNF- alpha and MCP-1. Initial functional studies using transgenic mice suggest that IL-20 has the ability to regulate skin development. The over-expression of both human and mouse forms of IL-20 results in keratinocyte hyper-proliferation, abnormal epidermal differentiation, and neonatal lethality. In humans, IL-20 and its receptors are up-regulated in psoriatic skin, and polymorphisms in the IL-20 gene have been associated with plaque-type psoriasis. IL-20 may also have a role in hematopoiesis. It enhances the proliferation of multi-potential progenitors in vitro and increases their numbers and cell cycling status in IL-20 transgenic mice. IL-20 is also shown to suppress COX-2 and PGE2 and acts as an inhibitor of angiogenesis in model systems.
Catalog Number:
(10082-234)
Supplier:
Proteintech
Description:
Ubiquitin is most famous for its function in targeting proteins for degradation by the 26S proteasome, ubiquitin needs to be attached to a substrate in chains (polyubiquitylation) before being recognized by proteasome. Similarly, SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) can be linked to substrates in chains (polysumoylation), SUMO modification has been implicated in many important cellular processes including the control of genome stability, signal transduction, targeting to and formation of nuclear compartments, cell cycle and meiosis. There are 4 confirmed SUMO isoforms in human, SUMO-1, SUMO-2, SUMO-3 and SUMO-4. SUMO-2 and SUMO-3 are nearly identical but are distinct from SUMO-1. SUMO2/3 conjugation was recently widely involved in neuroprotective activities. A substitution (M55V) of SUMO4 was strongly associated with the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) involving NF kappa B related mechanisms.
Catalog Number:
(10800-932)
Supplier:
Rockland Immunochemical
Description:
The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is an evolutionarily conserved protein complex of the eight subunits that interacts with deubiquitinating enzymes and protein kinases and is highly homologous to the lid sub-complex of 26S proteasome. The CSN complex is an essential regulator of the ubiquitin conjugation pathway by mediating the deneddylation of the SCF-type E3 ligase complexes, which leads to a decrease in ubiquitin ligase activity of SCF-comlpexes such as SCF, CSA or DDB2. It is also involved in phosphorylation of p53, c-jun/JUN, ITPK1 and IRF8/ICSBP, possibly via its association with CK2 and PKD kinases. CSN8 encodes the smallest and the least conserved but first identified subunit of CSN. Recent studies show CSN8 is essential for Drosophila development and is essential for peripheral T cell homeostasis and antigen receptor-induced entry into the cell cycle from quiescence.
Catalog Number:
(89162-330)
Supplier:
Enzo Life Sciences
Description:
Studies have demonstrated that PR39, a proline/arginine rich 39 amino acid antibacterial peptide originally derived from porcine bone marrow, exhibits a broad spectrum of biological activities, including the ability to induce angiogenesis and to limit inflammatory damage in a variety of animal models. The angiogenic effect is in part explained by the ability of PR39 to inhibit proteasome-dependent degradation of the transcription factor HIF-1a, while anti-inflammatory activity is associated with inhibition of IκBα degradation that in turn prevents activation of NFκB-dependent gene expression. The activities of PR39 reside in the N-terminal portion of the molecule encompassed by PR11. The most recent findings have demonstrated that PR39 is a non-competitive and reversible inhibitor of the proteasome function, which is achieved by a unique allosteric mechanism allowing for specific inhibition of degradation of selected proteins without affecting total proteasome-dependent proteolysis. A proline-arginine-rich 11 amino acid peptide derived from the naturally occurring peptide antibiotic PR39. PR39 has been shown to act as an inhibitor of both 20S and 26S proteasomes with proposed selectivity for the inhibition of the degradation of IκBα, HIF-1a and certain other proteins. PR39 has been reported to inhibit the proteasomal degradation of IκBα without effecting overall proteasome activity, or degradation of p21Cip1/Waf1 and c-fos, cell-cycle genes regulated by proteasome-dependent degradation. In vitro studies have demonstrated PR39 to be an efficient inhibitor of all three activities of the 20S proteasome. Unlike MG132 and lactacystin, long-term exposure to PR39 shows little toxicity or induction of HSP-70. In mouse models of myocardial infarction it has been shown that infusion with PR11 results in a significant reduction of myocardial infarct size. PR39, PR11 and related peptides may therefore provide novel means to regulate cellular function and the control of NF-κB-dependent gene expression for therapeutic purposes.
Catalog Number:
(75934-620)
Supplier:
Rockland Immunochemical
Description:
Isocitrate dehydrogenases catalyze the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to 2-oxoglutarate. These enzymes belong to two distinct subclasses, one of which utilizes NAD(+) as the electron acceptor and the other NADP(+). Two NADP(+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenases have been found as homodimer: IDH1 is predominantly cytosolic and peroxisomal and IDH2 is mitochondrial. The presence of IDH1 in peroxisomes suggests it may play a role in the regeneration of NADPH for intraperoxisomal reductions, such as the conversion of 2, 4-dienoyl-CoAs to 3-enoyl-CoAs, as well as in peroxisomal reactions that consume 2-oxoglutarate, namely the alpha-hydroxylation of phytanic acid. The cytoplasmic IDH1 serves a significant role in cytoplasmic NADPH production. Defects in IDH1 are involved in the development of glioma.
Catalog Number:
(76010-350)
Supplier:
Prosci
Description:
The myeloid cell nuclear differentiation antigen (MNDA) is detected only in nuclei of cells of the granulocyte-monocyte lineage. A 200-amino acid region of human MNDA is strikingly similar to a region in the proteins encoded by a family of interferon-inducible mouse genes, designated Ifi-201, Ifi-202, and Ifi-203, that are not regulated in a cell- or tissue-specific fashion. The 1.8-kb MNDA mRNA, which contains an interferon-stimulated response element in the 5-prime untranslated region, was significantly upregulated in human monocytes exposed to interferon alpha. MNDA is located within 2,200 kb of FCER1A, APCS, CRP, and SPTA1. In its pattern of expression and/or regulation, MNDA resembles IFI16, suggesting that these genes participate in blood cell-specific responses to interferons.
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