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Pyrazine-2,5-dicarbonitrile
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Pyrazine-2,5-dicarbonitrile
Supplier:
Adipogen
Description:
In recent years several groups have studied the sequence requirements, specificity, signaling pathways and kinetics of the TLR (Toll-like receptor) 9 suppression by inhibitory oligonucleotide motifs, which led to a class of novel inhibitory oligonucleotide (iODNs), that is independent of the previously thought species preference. Subsequently it has been discovered that telomeric DNA repeats (TTAGGG)n can block immune activation by CpG-ODNs. Short, 11-15 base long oligonucleotides were synthesized that were capable of potently inhibiting CpG-stimulation. The optimal inhibitory DNA motif consists of a pyrimidine-rich triplet, preferably CCT, which is positioned 5- to the GGG sequence in a singlestranded DNA molecule. Additionally, both the optimal spacing between the CCT and GGG motifs, as well as their relative order to each other, is of crucial importance for the inhibitory DNA action. Interestingly, although both TLR7/TLR8 ligands and bacterial DNA share the endosomal compartment for receptor binding and signal transduction, certain iODNs (G-type) suppress only TLR9-mediated activation, whereas prototype class I iODN may also interfere with the activation via the TLR7/TLR8 pathway. Recently, intriguing evidence has been presented that for some iODN classes the immuno-modulatory biological activity shows only limited sequence dependency or may not even involve TLR-mediated uptake and signaling pathways. For example iODNs of the class II are thought to act on immune activation through inhibition of STAT signaling and independent of TLR signaling via binding to a yet to be identified 'ODN-receptor'. Slightly modified phosphodiester versions of the most potent inhibitory ODNs were also able to profoundly block the immune activation of macrophages and just recently prove to be valuable tools for in vivo use in experimental animal models of inflammatory and auto-immune diseases. Based upon these recent insights the following classification for iODNs has been suggested: Class I: G-stretch ODNs: TLR9-specific competitors, some iODNs may also affect TLR7 and TLR8 signalingClass II: ODNs with telomeric repeats: TLR-independent inhibitors of STAT signaling (cellular uptake via an 'ODN receptor'?)Class III: Inhibitors of DNA uptake in a sequence independent mannerClass IV: Long phosphorothioate ODNs as direct competitors of TLR9 signaling in a sequence independent manner
Catalog Number:
(76085-436)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I), that is believed not to be involved in catalysis. Complex I functions in the transfer of electrons from NADH to the respiratory chain. The immediate electron acceptor for the enzyme is believed to be ubiquinone.
Catalog Number:
(89145-514)
Supplier:
Enzo Life Sciences
Description:
Immunophilins are a family of soluble cytosolic receptors capable of binding to one of two major immunosuppressant agents - cyclosporin A (CsA) or FK506. Proteins that bind FK506 are termed FK506 Binding Proteins (FKBPs) and those that bind cyclosporin A are called cyclophilins (CyP).
Both CyP:CsA and FKBP:FK506 complexes have been shown to inhibit calcineurin, a calcium and calmodulin dependent protein phosphatase which has been implicated as an important signalling enzyme in T-cell activation, providing a possible mechanism of immunosuppression by CsA and FK506. Immunophilins function as peptidyl prolyl cis-trans-isomerases (PPIase) whose activity is inhibited by their respective immunosuppressant compounds. As PPIase's, immunophilins accelerate folding of some proteins both in vivo and in vitro by catalyzing slow steps in the initial folding and rearrangement of proline containing proteins. Within the cyclophilin family, there are several different proteins which show a high degree of homology including CyPA, CyPB and CyPC. CyPA, also termed CyP-18, is the most abundant and ubiquitous cyclophilin found in all vertebrate tissues and is present in T-cells.
Catalog Number:
(10339-102)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Transcription factor that is involved in embryonic development, establishment of tissue-specific gene expression and regulation of gene expression in differentiated tissues. Is thought to act as a 'pioneer' factor opening the compacted chromatin for other proteins through interactions with nucleosomal core histones and thereby replacing linker histones at target enhancer and/or promoter sites. Binds DNA with the consensus sequence 5'-[AC]A[AT]T[AG]TT[GT][AG][CT]T[CT]-3' (By similarity). In embryonic development is required for notochord formation. Involved in the development of multiple endoderm-derived organ systems such as the liver, pancreas and lungs; FOXA1 and FOXA2 seem to have at least in part redundant roles. Originally described as a transcription activator for a number of liver genes such as AFP, albumin, tyrosine aminotransferase, PEPCK, etc. Interacts with the cis-acting regulatory regions of these genes. Involved in glucose homeostasis; regulates the expression of genes important for glucose sensing in pancreatic beta-cells and glucose homeostasis. Involved in regulation of fat metabolism. Binds to fibrinogen beta promoter and is involved in IL6-induced fibrinogen beta transcriptional activation.
Catalog Number:
(10260-296)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Located in the mitochondrial inner membrane, mitochondrial complex I is the first and largest enzyme in the electron transport chain of oxidative phosphorylation. By oxidizing NADH that is produced in the Krebs cycle, this complex utilizes the two electrons to reduce ubiquinone to ubiquinol, thereby initiating the passage of electrons to successive complexes and ultimately leading to the reduction of oxygen to water. Mitochondrial complex I consists of over 40 subunits and is of considerable clinical interest since defects in any of the subunits can lead to various myopathies and neuropathies. As a subunit of mitochondrial complex I, NDUFS7 (NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7), also designated NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 20 kDa subunit, is a 213 amino acid protein that is suggested to be required for catalytic activity. Defects in the gene encoding NDUFS7 are the cause of Leigh syndrome, a severe neurological disorder that is characterized by bilaterally symmetrical necrotic lesions in subcortical brain regions.
Catalog Number:
(76173-466)
Supplier:
Boster Biological Technology
Description:
Polyclonal antibody for PIN1 detection. Host: Rabbit.Size: 100μg/vial. Tested applications: WB. Reactive species: Human. PIN1 information: Molecular Weight: 18243 MW; Subcellular Localization: Nucleus . Nucleus speckle . Cytoplasm . Colocalizes with NEK6 in the nucleus (PubMed:16476580). Mainly localized in the nucleus but phosphorylation at Ser-71 by DAPK1 results in inhibition of its nuclear localization (PubMed:21497122); Tissue Specificity: The phosphorylated form at Ser-71 is expressed in normal breast tissue cells but not in breast cancer cells.
Catalog Number:
(PI20408)
Supplier:
Invitrogen
Description:
Thermo Scientific Pierce 2-Mercaptoethylamine-HCl, commonly abbreviated 2-MEA, is a mild reductant that is often used to selectively reduce hinge-region disulfide bonds in antibody.
Catalog Number:
(76120-258)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Structure-specific nuclease with 5'-flap endonuclease and 5'-3' exonuclease activities involved in DNA replication and repair. During DNA replication, cleaves the 5'-overhanging flap structure that is generated by displacement synthesis when DNA polymerase encounters the 5'-end of a downstream Okazaki fragment. It enters the flap from the 5'-end and then tracks to cleave the flap base, leaving a nick for ligation. Also involved in the long patch base excision repair (LP-BER) pathway, by cleaving within the apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site-terminated flap. Acts as a genome stabilization factor that prevents flaps from equilibrating into structures that lead to duplications and deletions. Also possesses 5'-3' exonuclease activity on nicked or gapped double-stranded DNA, and exhibits RNase H activity. Also involved in replication and repair of rDNA and in repairing mitochondrial DNA.
Supplier:
Ricca Chemical
Description:
Hematoxylin Stain Solution, Gill 3 Formulation, Triple Strength, for Frozen or Plastic Imbedded Sections, and for More Intense Nuclei in Progressive Histology Staining
Catalog Number:
(76098-730)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Transcription factor that is involved in embryonic development, establishment of tissue-specific gene expression and regulation of gene expression in differentiated tissues. Is thought to act as a 'pioneer' factor opening the compacted chromatin for other proteins through interactions with nucleosomal core histones and thereby replacing linker histones at target enhancer and/or promoter sites. Binds DNA with the consensus sequence 5'-[AC]A[AT]T[AG]TT[GT][AG][CT]T[CT]-3' (By similarity). In embryonic development is required for notochord formation. Involved in the development of multiple endoderm-derived organ systems such as the liver, pancreas and lungs; FOXA1 and FOXA2 seem to have at least in part redundant roles. Originally described as a transcription activator for a number of liver genes such as AFP, albumin, tyrosine aminotransferase, PEPCK, etc. Interacts with the cis-acting regulatory regions of these genes. Involved in glucose homeostasis; regulates the expression of genes important for glucose sensing in pancreatic beta-cells and glucose homeostasis. Involved in regulation of fat metabolism. Binds to fibrinogen beta promoter and is involved in IL6-induced fibrinogen beta transcriptional activation.
Catalog Number:
(77439-712)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Receptor for retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptors bind as heterodimers to their target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, and regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The RXR/RAR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5. In the absence of ligand, the RXR-RAR heterodimers associate with a multiprotein complex containing transcription corepressors that induce histone acetylation, chromatin condensation and transcriptional suppression. On ligand binding, the corepressors dissociate from the receptors and associate with the coactivators leading to transcriptional activation. RARA plays an essential role in the regulation of retinoic acid-induced germ cell development during spermatogenesis. Has a role in the survival of early spermatocytes at the beginning prophase of meiosis. In Sertoli cells, may promote the survival and development of early meiotic prophase spermatocytes. In concert with RARG, required for skeletal growth, matrix homeostasis and growth plate function (By similarity). Regulates expression of target genes in a ligand-dependent manner by recruiting chromatin complexes containing MLL5. Mediates retinoic acid-induced granulopoiesis.
Catalog Number:
(10252-006)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
The immunophilins are a highly conserved family of cis-trans peptidyl-prolyl isomerases that bind to and mediate the effects of immunosuppressive drugs, such as cyclosporin, FK506 and rapamycin (1). Several related immunophilins, FKBP12, FKBP51 and FKBP52, are characterized as cytosolic FK506-binding proteins, and following ligand binding, they functionally inhibit the phosphatase activity of calcineurin (2,3). The ubiquitously expressed FKBP12 also associates with the cytoplasmic domain of the TGF?type I receptor, where it stabilizes the inactive conformation of the receptor and blocks the activation of the TGF?pathway (4). FKBP51 and FKBP52 are two highly related proteins (5,6). FKBP51 is predominantly expressed in T cells and is induced by glucocorticoids (5). FKBP51 mediates the effects of FK506 and rapamycin by inhibiting intracellular calcineurin activity, and by blocking T-cell activation and proliferation (7). FKBP52, known also as FKBP-59 or heat shock protein 56, is expressed in a variety of tissues and can also associate with the heat shock protein (hsp90) in mature steroid receptor complexes (6,8).
Catalog Number:
(TCD0351-25G)
Supplier:
TCI America
Description:
CAS Number: 926-57-8
MDL Number: MFCD00000861 Molecular Formula: C4H6Cl2 Molecular Weight: 124.99 Purity/Analysis Method: >95.0% (GC) Form: Clear Liquid Boiling point (°C): 123 Flash Point (°C): 27 Specific Gravity (20/20): 1.16
Catalog Number:
(75872-492)
Supplier:
Spectrum Chemicals
Description:
Epitestosterone is an androstanoid that is the C-17 epimer of testosterone. Non-graded Epitestosterone supplied by Spectrum is indicative of a grade suitable for general industrial use or research purposes and typically are not suitable for human consumption or therapeutic use.
Supplier:
MP Biomedicals
Description:
Natural tomato lycopene is a mixture of isomers, primarily (all-E), but also some (5-Z) and two lesser and unidentified cis isomers, all of which are difficult to resolve by LC. Lycopene is an open chain unsaturated carotenoid that gives tomatoes, guava, rose hip, watermelon and pink grapefruit its red color. Studies show that lycopene intake is significantly associated with lower risk of lung, colon and stomach carcinogenesis. It is an antioxidant.
Isolated from commercially-grown tomatoes (L. esculentum) and once recrystallized and hexane washed. Antioxidant micronutrient of tomatoes associated with decreased risk for cancer and cardiovascular disease. Enhances gap junction communication between cells via upregulation of connexin 43 and reduces proliferation of cancer cells in culture. Inhibits cholesterol synthesis and enhances low-density lipoprotein degradation. In vitro, lycopene is a powerful carotenoid quencher of singlet oxygen, being 100 times more efficient in test tube studies of singlet-oxygen quenching action than vitamin E, which in turn has 125 times the quenching action of glutathione (water soluble). Lycopene metabolite apo-10'-lycopenal, or ALA, may have an important role in the metabolism of hepatic lipids, and may prevent build up. -20 °C, protect from light, store under nitrogen.
Catalog Number:
(10234-004)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Receptor for retinoic acid. Retinoic acid receptors bind as heterodimers to their target response elements in response to their ligands, all-trans or 9-cis retinoic acid, and regulate gene expression in various biological processes. The RXR/RAR heterodimers bind to the retinoic acid response elements (RARE) composed of tandem 5'-AGGTCA-3' sites known as DR1-DR5. In the absence of ligand, the RXR-RAR heterodimers associate with a multiprotein complex containing transcription corepressors that induce histone acetylation, chromatin condensation and transcriptional suppression. On ligand binding, the corepressors dissociate from the receptors and associate with the coactivators leading to transcriptional activation. Regulates expression of target genes in a ligand-dependent manner by recruiting chromatin complexes containing KMT2E/MLL5. Mediates retinoic acid-induced granulopoiesis. RARA plays an essential role in the regulation of retinoic acid-induced germ cell development during spermatogenesis. Has a role in the survival of early spermatocytes at the beginning prophase of meiosis. In Sertoli cells, may promote the survival and development of early meiotic prophase spermatocytes. In concert with RARG, required for skeletal growth, matrix homeostasis and growth plate function.
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