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2-Bromobenzo[d]thiazole-6-carboxylic+acid
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2-Bromobenzo[d]thiazole-6-carboxylic+acid
Catalog Number:
(10270-024)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
GAD-65 and GAD-67, glutamate decarboxylases, function to catalyze the production of GABA (g-aminobutyric acid). In the central nervous system GABA functions as the main inhibitory transmitter by increasing a Cl-conductance that inhibits neuronal firing. GABA has been shown to activate both ionotropic (GABAA) and metabotropic (GABAB) receptors as well as a third class of receptors called GABAC. Both GABAA and GABAC are ligand-gated ion channels, however, they are structurally and functionally distinct. Members of the GABAA receptor family include GABAA R alpha 1-6, GABAA R beta 1-3, GABAA R©1-3, GABAA R∂, GABAA R gamma, GABAA R delta 1 and GABAA R delta 2. The GABAB family is composed of GABAB R1 alpha and GABAB R1 beta. GABA transporters have also been identified and include GABA T-1, GABA T-2 and GABA T-3 (also designated GAT-1, -2 and -3). The GABA transporters function to terminate GABA action.
Catalog Number:
(10265-150)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Members of the RAS subfamily of GTPases function in signal transduction as GTP/GDP-regulated switches that cycle between inactive GDP- and active GTP-bound states. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), such as Repac, serve as RAS activators by promoting acquisition of GTP to maintain the active GTP-bound state and are the key link between cell surface receptors and RAS activation. Repac, also known as Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 5 (RAPGEF5), is a 580 amino acid protein that is expressed in brain and testis, with weaker expression in heart, placenta, lung, pancreas and small intestine. Existing as two alternatively spliced isoforms, the Repac gene is conserved in cow, mouse and rat. The gene that encodes Repac maps to human chromosome 7p15.3, with high expression of this region linking to positive response to erlotinib therapy for those with non-small-cell lung cancer.
Catalog Number:
(10295-134)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
The Gab family of adaptor proteins function as molecular scaffolds that mediate protein recruit-ment to RTKs. Cytokine/growth factor triggering of protein tyrosine kinase receptors (RTKs) initiates signaling cascades that progress to the nucleus where signals for activation, proliferation and differentiation occur. This scaffolding mechanism represents a critical link in cytokine/growth factor signaling routes. Gab 1-4 contain Pleckstrin homology and potential binding sites for SH2 and SH3 domain-containing proteins. The recruitment of signaling partners to Gab family members is phosphorylation-dependent. Insulin receptor and EGF receptor signaling are among the cascades that rely on Gab family members to elicit a nuclear response to an extracellular stimulus. Gab 4 (GRB2-associated-binding protein 4), also designated GRB2-associated-binding protein 2-like (Gab 2-like), is a 574 amino acid protein that shares 62% sequence similarity with Gab 2 and contains one Pleckstrin homology domain.
Catalog Number:
(10253-748)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Clathrin-coated pits and vesicles are assembled for receptor-mediated endocytosis through interaction with Clathrin associated protein complexes. Vesicle transport is mediated from the trans-Golgi network by the adapter complex AP-1 and from the plasma membrane by the AP-2 complex. The AP-1 and AP-2 adapter protein complexes consist of Clathrin binding Adaptin proteins (g and b1 for AP-1, a and b2 for AP-2) and two smaller subunits known as AP50 and AP17. The a and b Adaptin chains have a similar two-domain organization with C-terminal domains that vary in both sequence and length. a-Adaptin splice variants A and C display variable relative expression levels and differential distribution in different tissues. AP-3 (also designated AP180 or F1-20) is a synapse-specific Clathrin assembly protein. The protein CALM (Clathrin assembly protein lymphoid myeloid leukemia) is highly homologous to AP180 and may also be involved in Clathrin assembly.
Catalog Number:
(10272-140)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
GDE1 is a 331 amino acid multi-pass membrane protein that localizes to both the membrane and the cytoplasm and contains one GDPD domain. Expressed in a wide variety of tissues, GDE1 uses magnesium as a cofactor to catalyze the conversion of 1-(sn-glycero-3-phospho)-1D-myo-inositol to myo-inositol and sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, an event that is modulated by G protein signaling pathways and provides a link between phosphoinositide metabolism and G protein signal transduction. The gene encoding GDE1 maps to human chromosome 16, which encodes over 900 genes and comprises nearly 3% of the human genome. The GAN gene is located on chromosome 16 and, with mutation, may lead to giant axonal neuropathy, a nervous system disorder characterized by increasing malfunction with growth. The rare disorder Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome is also associated with chromosome 16, as is Crohn's disease, which is a gastrointestinal inflammatory condition.
Catalog Number:
(10245-188)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
This gene encodes a protein involved in peripheral nerve myelin upkeep. The encoded protein contains 2 PDZ domains which were named after PSD95 (post synaptic density protein), DlgA (Drosophila disc large tumor suppressor), and ZO1 (a mammalian tight junction protein). Two alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this gene which encode different protein isoforms and which are targeted differently in the Schwann cell. Mutations in this gene cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuoropathy, type 4F and Dejerine-Sottas neuropathy. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]Seems to be required for maintenance of peripheral nerve myelin sheath. May have a role in axon-glial interactions, possibly by interacting with the cytoplasmic domains of integral membrane proteins such as myelin-associated glycoprotein in the periaxonal regions of the Schwann cell plasma membrane. May have a role in the early phases of myelin deposition.
Catalog Number:
(10285-792)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Glucose and insulin are anabolic signals which upregulate the transcriptions of a series of lipogenic enzymes to convert excess carbohydrate into triglycerides for efficient energy storage. Acyl-coenzyme A:diacylglycerol acyltransferase, also known as DGAT1 and ARGP1, is a microsomal enzyme that assists in the synthesis of fatty acids into triglycerides. DGAT1 catalyzes the terminal and only committed step in triacylglycerol synthesis by using diacylglycerol (DAG) and fatty acyl CoA as substrates. DGAT1 plays a fundamental role in the metabolism of cellular diacylglycerol and is important in higher eukaryotes for physiologic processes involving triacylglycerol metabolism, such as intestinal fat absorption, lipoprotein assembly, adipose tissue form-ation and lactation. DGAT2, which has no homology to DGAT1, differs from DGAT1 in that its activity has been shown to be inhibited by MgCl in an in vitro assay. DGAT2 is expressed primarily in liver and white adipose tissue, which suggests that it plays an important role in mammalian triglyceride metabolism.
Catalog Number:
(10260-296)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Located in the mitochondrial inner membrane, mitochondrial complex I is the first and largest enzyme in the electron transport chain of oxidative phosphorylation. By oxidizing NADH that is produced in the Krebs cycle, this complex utilizes the two electrons to reduce ubiquinone to ubiquinol, thereby initiating the passage of electrons to successive complexes and ultimately leading to the reduction of oxygen to water. Mitochondrial complex I consists of over 40 subunits and is of considerable clinical interest since defects in any of the subunits can lead to various myopathies and neuropathies. As a subunit of mitochondrial complex I, NDUFS7 (NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur protein 7), also designated NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 20 kDa subunit, is a 213 amino acid protein that is suggested to be required for catalytic activity. Defects in the gene encoding NDUFS7 are the cause of Leigh syndrome, a severe neurological disorder that is characterized by bilaterally symmetrical necrotic lesions in subcortical brain regions.
Catalog Number:
(10286-682)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
p130 represents one of several known substrates for v-Crk encoded p47. p130 Cas (for Crk-associated substrate) exhibits a high level of tyrosine phosphorylation and is tightly associated with v-Crk, suggesting a role in v-Crk-mediated cell signaling. The molecular cloning of p130 Cas has shown it to represent a novel SH3 containing signaling molecule with a cluster of multiple putative SH2-binding motifs for v-Crk. By immunoprecipitation analysis, p130 Cas has been shown to be highly phosphorylated at tyrosine residues subsequent to either v-Src p60 or v-Crk-mediated transformation and to form stable complexes with both of these transforming proteins. p130 Cas behaves as an extremely potent substrate for protein tyrosine kinases and has been reported to relocate from the cytoplasm to cell membrane upon tyrosine phosphorylation. One proposed model is that the SH2 domain of v-Crk functions to activate c-Src kinase, which in turn phosphorylates p130 Cas.
Catalog Number:
(10280-420)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Apolipoproteins are protein components of plasma lipoproteins (1). The apolipoprotein L gene family encodes six highly homologous proteins designated apoL-I to -VI, which are associated with large high density type lipoproteins (HDL) (2,3). The human apoL family maps to chromosome 22q12.1-13.1 within a 127,000-bp region (4). ApoL has been characterized as a pancreas specific, 383-amino acid protein that contains a 12-amino acid secretory signal peptide (4). The apoL genes have TATA-less promoters and contain putative sterol regulatory elements, suggesting that transcription of these genes may be coordinated with that of the low density lipoprotein receptor and genes in pathways involving the synthesis of triglycerides and cholesterol (3). ApoL homologs can undergo 10 fold changes in expression during atherosclerotic changes in vascular endothelial cells, which includes the inflammatory reaction of atherosclerotic lesions (5).
Catalog Number:
(10262-916)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Transcription factors, OTX1 and OTX2, are two murine homologs of the Drosophila orthodenticle (OTD), show a limited amino acid sequence divergence. OTX1 and OTX2 play an important role during early and later events required for proper brain development in that they are involved in the processes of induction, specification and regionalization of the brain. OTX1 is involved in corticogenesis, sensory organ development and pituitary functions, while OTX2 is necessary earlier in development, for the correct anterior neural plate specification and organization of the primitive streak. OTX2 is also required in the early specification of the neuroectoderm, which is destined to become the fore-midbrain, and both OTX1 and OTX2 co-operate in patterning the developing brain through a dosage-dependent mechanism. A molecular mechanism depending on a precise threshold of OTX proteins is necessary for the correct positioning of the isthmic region and for anterior brain patterning. The genes which encode OTX1 and OTX2 map to human chromosomes 2p15 and 14q21-q22, respectively.
Catalog Number:
(10302-288)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Protein kinases comprise a large group of encoded factors that regulate cellular processes by catalyzing the transfer of a phosphate group to a hydroxyl acceptor in serine, threonine or tyrosine residues (1,2). Kinases are capable of influencing the oncogenic potential of cell sytems at the level of oncoprotein or tumor suppressor protein phosphorylation states (1,2). STAP-2 is a protein that contains a pleckstrin homology (PH) domain and an SH2 domain, and associates with BRK (3). BRK (breast tumor kinase, Sik) is a 451 amino acid, nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinase that is overexpressed in breast tumors and metastatic melanoma cell lines (4). Similar to the Src family of intracellular kinses, BRK is comprised of an SH3 domain, an SH2 domain, and a catalytic domain (5). STAP-2 is susceptiple to tyrosine phosphorylation and may be invovled in tyrosine kinase-mediated signaling cascades, whose aberrant function may lead to metastis (3).
Catalog Number:
(10289-896)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Fibulin proteins contribute to normal development of elastic fiber systems in various types of organs that require elasticity, such as vasculature, lung and skin. Fibulin-4, also known as EFEMP2 (EGF-containing fibulin-like extracellular matrix protein 2), MBP1 or UPH1 is a 443 amino acid secreted protein that contains six EGF-like calcium-binding domains and belongs to the fibulin family. Expressed ubiquitously with highest expression in heart, Fibulin-4 is essential for connective tissue development and elastic fiber formation, and may also play an important role in vascular patterning and collagen biosynthesis. Defects in the gene encoding Fibulin-4 are associated with autosomal recessive cutis laxa type I (CL type I), a connective tissue disorder that is inherited in both an autosomal dominant and an autosomal recessive manner and is characterized by inelastic tissue in all affected areas of the body.
Catalog Number:
(10247-226)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) such as Decorin, Biglycan, Fibromod-ulin, Keratocan, Lumican and Osteoglycin mediate extracellular matrix organization and are binding partners of TGF Beta. The Decorin core protein binds to growth factors, intercellular matrix molecules such as Fibronectin and Throm-bospondin, and to the Decorin endocytosis receptor. Fibromodulin is a collagen-binding keratan sulphate proteoglycan that influences adhesion processes of connective tissue and plays a role in fibrillogenesis by regulating collagen fibril spacing and thickness. Keratocan (KTN) develops corneal transparency and maintains the stromal matrix structure. Keratocan is a secreted protein in the extracellular matrix that binds to keratan sulfate chains. Keratocan is mainly detected in the cornea, but can also be expressed in trachea, intestine, ovary, lung and skeletal muscle. Defects in the gene encoding for Keratocan can cause cornea plana 2 (CNA2), an autosomal recessive disorder where the forward convex curvature of the cornea is flattened.
Catalog Number:
(10280-706)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2C (eIF2C) proteins (argonaute family) influence RNA interference (RNAi) as components of the RNA-inducible silencing complex (RISC) or microRNA (miRNA)-containing ribonucleoprotein particle (miRNP). Small RNAs, including small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and miRNAs, can silence target genes through mechanisms that utilize RISC or miRNP particles. eIF2C1 (argonaute 1, AGO1, eIF2C, GERP95, Q99) and Dicer1 play a coordinated role in siRNA-mediated gene silencing. eIF2C2 (Slicer, argonaute 2, AGO2, Q10) is a RISC component that can concentrate in cytoplasmic processing bodies (P-bodies) and catalyze mRNA cleavage. Mammalian P-bodies contain mRNAs and have an association with miRNA-induced translational silencing and siRNA-induced mRNA degradation. Additional eIF2C proteins include eIF2C3 (argonaute 3, AGO3), eIF2C4 (argonaute 4, AGO4) and meIF2c5 (mouse argonaute 5).
Catalog Number:
(10279-276)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
The leucine-rich (LRR) repeat is a 20-30 amino acid motif that forms a hydrophobic å/∫ horseshoe fold, allowing it to accommodate several leucine residues within a tightly packed core. All LRR repeats contain a variable segment and a highly conserved segment, the latter of which accounts for 11 or 12 residues of the entire LRR motif. FLRT1 (fibronectin leucine rich transmembrane protein 1) is a 646 amino acid single-pass type I membrane protein that contains one fibronectin type-III domain and ten LRR repeats. Expressed in kidney and brain, FLRT1 is thought to play a role in cell adhesion and receptor signaling. FLRT1 shares similarity with FLRT2 and FLRT3 and is subject to post-translational N-glycosylation. The gene encoding FLRT1 maps to human chromosome 11, which houses over 1,400 genes and comprises nearly 4% of the human genome.
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