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Description:
UBE2H, also known as UBC8, UBCH, UBCH2 or E2-20K, is a 183 amino acid protein involved in ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. Ubiquitination is an important mechanism through which three classes of enzymes act in concert to target short-lived or abnormal proteins for destruction. The three classes of enzymes involved in ubiquitination are the ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1s), the ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) and the ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s). One of several members of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme family, UBE2H functions as an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme that acts to catalyze the covalent attachment of ubiquitin residues to various proteins, including Histone H2A. UBE2H shares 100% identity with its mouse counterpart and 98% identity with its frog and zebrafish homologs, suggesting a conserved function between species. Multiple isoforms of UBE2H exist due to alternative splicing events.
Description:
Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide antioxidant that reduces disulfide bonds between cytoplasmic proteins. The constitutive enzyme glutathione reductase transforms glutathione into its reduced state, which ultimately can provide a measure of cellular toxicity. GSTCD (glutathione S-transferase, C-terminal domain containing) is a 633 amino acid protein belonging to the GSTCD family and contains one GST C-terminal domain. The gene encoding GSTCD maps to human chromosome 4, which represents approximately 6% of the human genome and contains nearly 900 genes. Notably, the Huntingtin gene, which is found to encode an expanded glutamine tract in cases of Huntington's disease, is on chromosome 4. FGFR-3 is also encoded on chromosome 4 and has been associated with thanatophoric dwarfism, achondroplasia, Muenke syndrome and bladder cancer. Chromosome 4 is also tied to Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, methylmalonic acidemia and polycystic kidney disease.
Description:
HIGD1A (HIG1 domain family member 1A), also known as HIG1 (hypoxia-inducible gene 1 protein) or HSPC010, is a 93 amino acid multi-pass membrane protein that contains one HIG1 domain. Existing as two alternatively spliced isoforms, the gene encoding HIGD1A maps to human chromosome 3, which contains approximately 214 million bases encoding over 1,100 genes. Notably, there is a chemokine receptor gene cluster and a variety of human cancer related loci on chromosome 3. Particular regions of the chromosome 3 short arm are deleted in many types of cancer cells. Key tumor suppressing genes on chromosome 3 encode apoptosis mediator RASSF1, cell migration regulator HYAL1 and angiogenesis suppressor SEMA3B. Marfan Syndrome, porphyria, von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta and Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease are a few of the numerous genetic diseases associated with chromosome 3.
Description:
Members of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family of proteins contain C-terminal regions of homology called the SOCS box, which serves to couple SOCS proteins and their binding partners with the Elongin B/C complex. Several other families of proteins also contain SOCS boxes, but differ from the SOCS proteins in the type of domain they contain upstream of the SOCS box. The largest family of SOCS box-containing proteins is the ankyrin repeat and SOCS box-containing (ASB) protein family. ASB-7 (ankyrin repeat and SOCS box-containing 7) is a 318 amino acid protein that contains one SOCS box domain and seven ANK repeats and belongs to the ASB family. Existing as multiple alternatively spliced isoforms, ASB-7 functions as a substrate-recognition component of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex and, working in conjunction with other proteins, plays a role in the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins.
Description:
Members of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) family of proteins contain C-terminal regions of homology called the SOCS box, which serves to couple SOCS proteins and their binding partners with the Elongin B/C complex. Several other families of proteins also contain SOCS boxes, but differ from the SOCS proteins in the type of domain they contain upstream of the SOCS box. The largest family of SOCS box-containing proteins is the ankyrin repeat and SOCS box-containing (ASB) protein family. ASB-13 (ankyrin repeat and SOCS box-containing 13) is a 278 amino acid member of the ASB family that contains one SOCS box domain and six ANK repeats. Existing as multiple isoforms, ASB-13 functions as a substrate-recognition component of an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complex and, working in conjunction with other proteins, plays a role in the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of target proteins.
Description:
PDZK4, also known as PDZRN4L (PDZ domain-containing RING finger protein 4-like protein) or LU1, is a 769 amino acid coiled-coil protein that contains one PDZ (DHR) domain. Encoded by a gene that maps to human chromosome Xq28, PDZK4 is conserved in dog, cow, mouse, rat and zebrafish. PDZK4 localizes to cytoplasm and is expressed specifically in adult and fetal brain. PDZK4 functions as an oncogene and is up-regulated in synovial carcinomas. Treatment of synovial sarcoma cells with small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibits PDZK4 expression, resulting in tumor-cell growth suppression, suggesting that inappropriate expression of PDZK4 may play a role synovial sarcoma cell proliferation.The exact function of FRMPD2 is unknown. The protein contains a FERM domain: such structures are often involved in signal transduction pathways. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been identified.
Description:
Zinc-finger proteins contain DNA-binding domains and have a wide variety of functions, most of which encompass some form of transcriptional activation or repression. ZDHHC12 (zinc finger, DHHC domain containing 12), also known as ZNF400, is a 267 amino acid multi-pass membrane protein that contains one DHHC-type zinc finger and is thought to function as a palmitoyltransferase, catalyzing the transformation of palmitoyl-CoA and a cysteine-conjugated protein to a S-palmitoyl protein and free CoA. Three isoforms exist due to alternative splicing events. The gene encoding ZDHHC12 maps to human chromosome 9, which consists of about 145 million bases and 4% of the human genome and encodes nearly 900 genes. Chromosome 9 is considered to play a role in gender determination, deletion of the distal portion of 9p can lead to development of male to female sex reversal, the phenotype of a female with a male X,Y genotype.
Description:
FGFRL1 is a member of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) family, where amino acid sequence is highly conserved between members and throughout evolution. FGFR family members differ from one another in their ligand affinities and tissue distribution. A full-length representative protein would consist of an extracellular region, composed of three immunoglobulin-like domains, a single hydrophobic membrane-spanning segment and a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. The extracellular portion of the protein interacts with fibroblast growth factors, setting in motion a cascade of downstream signals, ultimately influencing mitogenesis and differentiation. A marked difference between FGFRL1 and the other family members is its lack of a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase domain. The result is a transmembrane receptor that could interact with other family members and potentially inhibit signaling. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same isoform have been found.
Description:
The RING-type zinc finger motif is present in a number of viral and eukaryotic proteins and is made of a conserved cysteine-rich domain that is able to bind two zinc atoms. Proteins that contain this conserved domain are generally involved in the ubiquitination pathway of protein degradation. RNF130 (ring finger protein 130), also known as GP, G1RZFP (G1-related zinc finger protein) or GOLIATH, is a 419 amino acid single-pass type I membrane protein that shares similarity with a Drosophila zinc-finger protein found in mesoderm known as g1. RNF130 contains one PA (protease associated) domain and a single RING-type zinc finger. Implicated in the regulation of growth factor withdrawal-induced apoptosis of myeloid precursor cells, RNF130 is encoded by a gene located on human chromosome 5q35.3 and mouse chromosome 11 B1.3.
Description:
Belonging to the F-box family of proteins, FBXO35 (F-box only protein 35), also designated F-box and WD-40 domain-containing protein 12 (FBXW12 or FBXO12), is a 464 amino acid protein that contains one C-terminal F-box domain. F-box proteins are critical components of the SCF (Skp1-CUL-1-F-box protein)-type E3 ubiquitin ligase complex and are involved in substrate recognition and recruitment for ubiquitination. They are members of a larger family of proteins that are involved in the regulation of a wide variety of cellular mechanisms, including the cell cycle, the immune response, signaling cascades and developmental processes. They function by targeting proteins, such as cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, I˚B-å and ∫-catenin, for degradation by the proteasome after ubiquitination. Via its F-box domain, FBXO35 can directly interact with Skp1 p19 and CUL-1. FBXO35 is ubiquitously expressed at low levels in most human tissues.
Description:
Belonging to the F-box family of proteins, FBXO35 (F-box only protein 35), also designated F-box and WD-40 domain-containing protein 12 (FBXW12 or FBXO12), is a 464 amino acid protein that contains one C-terminal F-box domain. F-box proteins are critical components of the SCF (Skp1-CUL-1-F-box protein)-type E3 ubiquitin ligase complex and are involved in substrate recognition and recruitment for ubiquitination. They are members of a larger family of proteins that are involved in the regulation of a wide variety of cellular mechanisms, including the cell cycle, the immune response, signaling cascades and developmental processes. They function by targeting proteins, such as cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, I˚B-å and ∫-catenin, for degradation by the proteasome after ubiquitination. Via its F-box domain, FBXO35 can directly interact with Skp1 p19 and CUL-1. FBXO35 is ubiquitously expressed at low levels in most human tissues.
Description:
Glutathione (GSH) is a tripeptide antioxidant that reduces disulfide bonds between cytoplasmic proteins. The constitutive enzyme glutathione reductase transforms glutathione into its reduced state, which ultimately can provide a measure of cellular toxicity. GSTCD (glutathione S-transferase, C-terminal domain containing) is a 633 amino acid protein belonging to the GSTCD family and contains one GST C-terminal domain. The gene encoding GSTCD maps to human chromosome 4, which represents approximately 6% of the human genome and contains nearly 900 genes. Notably, the Huntingtin gene, which is found to encode an expanded glutamine tract in cases of Huntington's disease, is on chromosome 4. FGFR-3 is also encoded on chromosome 4 and has been associated with thanatophoric dwarfism, achondroplasia, Muenke syndrome and bladder cancer. Chromosome 4 is also tied to Ellis-van Creveld syndrome, methylmalonic acidemia and polycystic kidney disease.
Description:
DHRS7 (dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR family) member 7), also known as SDR34C1, CGI-86 or retSDR4, is a 339 amino acid member of the SDR family. Like other members of the SDR family, DHRS7 contains a cofactor-binding Rossman-fold domain and is thought to catalyze the oxidation and reduction of a variety of substrates such as steroids and retinoids. DHRS7 exists as two alternatively spliced isoforms that are encoded by a gene located on human chromosome 14, which houses over 700 genes and comprises nearly 3.5% of the human genome. Chromosome 14 encodes the presinilin 1 (PSEN1) gene, which is one of the three key genes associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The SERPINA1 gene is also located on chromosome 14 and, when defective, leads to the genetic disorder ?-antitrypsin deficiency, which is characterized by severe lung complications and liver dysfunction.
Description:
SARS Matrix Antibody: A novel coronavirus has recently been identified as the causative agent of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome). Coronaviruses are a major cause of upper respiratory diseases in humans. The genomes of these viruses are positive-stranded RNA approximately 27-31kb in length. The M protein (Membrane protein, Matrix protein) is one of the major structural viral proteins. It is an integral membrane protein involved in the budding of the viral particles and interacts with S (Spike) protein and the nucleocapsid protein.
Description:
CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2) together with their receptors CD28 and CTLA-4 constitute one of the dominant costimulatory pathways that regulate T cell and B cell responses. Although both CTLA-4 and CD28 can bind to the same ligands, CTLA-4 binds to B7-1 and B7-2 with a 20-100 fold higher affinity than CD28 and is involved in the down-regulation of the immune response. B7-1 is expressed on activated B cells, activated T cells and macrophages. B7-2 is constitutively expressed on interdigitating dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, peripheral blood dendritic cells, memory B cells, and germinal center B cells. Additionally, B7-2 is expressed at low levels on monocytes and can be up-regulated through interferon-gamma. B7-1 and B7-2 are both members of the immunoglobulin superfamily. It has been observed that both human and mouse B7-1 and B7-2 can bind to either human or mouse CD28 and CTLA-4, suggesting that there are conserved amino acids which form the B7-1/B7-2/CD28/CTLA-4 critical binding sites.
Description:
The RING-type zinc finger motif is present in a number of viral and eukaryotic proteins and is made of a conserved cysteine-rich domain that is able to bind two zinc atoms. Proteins that contain this conserved domain are generally involved in the ubiquitination pathway of protein degradation. RNF10 (ring finger protein 10), also known as RIE2, is an 811 amino acid protein that localizes to the cytoplasm and contains one RING-type zinc finger. Existing as multiple alternatively spliced isoforms, RNF10 interacts with MOX-2 and is thought to regulate its transcription in schwann cells, possibly playing a role in myelin formation. The gene encoding RNF10 maps to human chromosome 12, which encodes over 1,100 genes and comprises approximately 4.5% of the human genome. Chromosome 12 is associated with a variety of diseases and afflictions, including hypochondrogenesis, achondrogenesis, Kniest dysplasia, Noonan syndrome and Trisomy 12p, which causes facial developmental defects and seizure disorders.