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2-Amino-4-bromo-5-fluorobenzoic+acid
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2-Amino-4-bromo-5-fluorobenzoic+acid
Catalog Number:
(10271-318)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
In eukaryotes, the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins on serine and threonine residues is an essential means of regulating a broad range of cellular functions, including division, homeostasis and apoptosis. A group of proteins that are intimately involved in this process are the protein phosphatases. In general, the protein phosphatase (PP) holoenzyme is a trimeric complex composed of a regulatory subunit, a variable subunit, and a catalytic subunit. Four major families of protein phosphatase catalytic subunits have been identified, designated PP1, PP2A, PP2B (calcineurin) and PP2C. An additional protein phosphatase catalytic subunit, PPX (also known as PP4) is a putative member of a novel PP family. The PP2A family comprises subfamily members PP2A Alpha and PP2A Beta. The PP2A catalytic subunit associates with a variety of regulatory subunits. Regulatory subunits include PP2A-A-Alpha and -A-Beta, PP2A-B-Alpha and -B-Beta, PP2A-C-Alpha and -C-Beta, PP2A-B56-Alpha, -B56-Beta, -B56-gamma and -B56-Delta.
Catalog Number:
(10293-598)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by bone marrow failure, birth defects and chromosomal instability. At the cellular level, FA is characterized by spontaneous chromosomal breakage and a unique hypersensitivity to DNA cross-linking agents. The thirteen FA proteins that have been characterized are important for regulating chromosomal stability and genome surveillance. Eight of these proteins, namely FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, FANCL and FANCM, comprise the FA core complex, which catalyzes a key reaction in DNA repair: the monoubiquitination of FANCD2. FANCM (Fanconi anemia, complementation group M) is a member of the DEAD-box helicase family of proteins and contains a DEAH helicase domain and a nuclease domain. Localizing to chromatin fractions, FANCM is phosphorylated in a cell cycle-dependent manner and is believed to function as an anchor, recruiting the FA core complex to chromatin. Mutations in the gene encoding FANCM can lead to Fanconi anemia.
Catalog Number:
(10251-976)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Adaptins are heterotetrameric subunits of adaptors, which are complexes involved in the formation of Clathrin-coated pits for vesicle-mediated endocytosis. Clathrin and its associated heterotetrameric protein complexes make up the main protein components of the coat surrounding the cytoplasmic face of coated vesicles. The Adaptin family, comprising a, b, and g classes, is also responsible for the transport of ligand-receptor complexes from plasma membranes and the trans-Golgi network to lysosomes. Two main types of adaptor proteins (APs), AP-1 and AP-2, are found in Clathrin-coated structures located at the Golgi complex and the plasma membrane of mammalian cells, respectively. Adaptor protein complex 2 (AP-2) is composed of two large Adaptins (a1A/AP2A1 and b1/AP2B1), a medium Adaptin (m2/AP-2m1) and a small Adaptin (s2 long/AP2S1). AP-2m1, a 435 amino acid protein, links Clathrin to receptors in coated vesicles.
Catalog Number:
(10261-024)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Sulfation is an essential conjugation reaction that increases the water solubility of many compounds, thereby influencing their renal excretion and also resulting in the formation of active metabolites. SULT4A1 (sulfotransferase family 4A, member 1), whose alternative names include brain sulfotransferase-like protein, nervous system sulfotransferase, NST, SULTX3, hBR-STL-1, BRSTL1, BR-STL-1, MGC40032 and DJ388M5.3, is a 284 amino acid protein showing cytoplasmic localization. As a member of the sulfotransferase 1 family, SULT4A1 plays a role in elimination of xenobiotics, activation of procarcinogens and regulation of hormones. SULT4A1 is highly expressed in cerebral cortex and frontal lobe, with lower expression in cerebellum, temporal and occipital lobes. Two SULT4A1 isoforms exist to alternative splicing events. The gene encoding SULT4A1 maps to human chromosome 22q13.2, a region which has been implicated in predisposition to schizophrenia.
Catalog Number:
(10250-074)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Protocadherins are a large family of cadherin-like cell adhesion proteins that are involved in the establishment and maintenance of neuronal connections in the brain. There are three protocadherin gene clusters, designated alpha, beta and gamma, all of which contain multiple tandemly arranged genes. PCDHB12 (Protocadherin beta 12) is a 795 amino acid protein that is one of 16 proteins in the protocadherin beta cluster. Unlike the alpha and gamma gene clusters whose genes are spliced to downstream constant region exons during transcription, members of the beta cluster (such as PCDHB12) do not use constant-region exons to produce mRNAs. As a result, each protocadherin beta gene encodes the transmembrane, extracellular and short cytoplasmic domains of the protein. Localized to the cell membrane, PCDHB12 is a single-pass type I membrane protein that contains six cadherin domains. PCDHB12 may participate in the establishment and maintenance of specific neuronal connections in the brain.
Catalog Number:
(10265-226)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Phosphatidate phosphatases are a family of integral membrane glycoproteins that dephosphorylate a variety of lipid phosphates and play a role in signal transduction via the phospholipase D pathway. PAP-2 proteins function independently of Mg2+ and are insensitive to NEM (N-ethylmaleimide) inhibition. The lipid phosphates degraded by this family include ceramide 1-phosphate (C1P), sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), phosphatidic acid (PA) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPPR4 (lipid phosphate phosphatase-related protein type 4), also known as LPR4, PHP1, PRG1 or PRG-1, is a 763 amino acid multi-pass membrane protein that belongs to the PA-phosphatase related phosphoesterase family. Exclusively expressed in neurons, LPPR4 hydrolyzes lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and facilitates axonal outgrowth during development and regenerative sprouting. LPPR4 exists as two alternatively spliced isoforms and is encoded by a gene located on human chromosome 1p21.2.
Catalog Number:
(10264-050)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Cerebellin (CER), which was originally isolated from rat cerebellum, is a hexadecapeptide derived from a larger precursor called Cerebellin 1, also designated precerebellin 1 or Cbln1. Four propeptides, Cerebellin 1, Cerebellin 2 (Cbln2), Cerebellin 3 (Cbln3) and Cerebellin 4 (Cbln4), comprise the precerebellin subfamily within the C1q protein family. Cerebellin family members act as transneuronal regulators of synapse development and synaptic plasticity in various brain regions. Cerebellin and its metabolite, des-Ser(1)Cer, are also expressed in several extra-cerebellar tissues, including adrenal gland. Cerebellin 1, 2 and 3 assemble into homomeric and heteromeric complexes, thereby influencing each other’s degradation and secretion. Cerebellin 3 is not able to form homomeric complexes, and can only be secreted upon forming a heteromeric complex with Cerebellin 1. Decreased concentrations of Cerebellin have been found in the brain of patients with olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) and Shy-Drager syndrome, suggesting a role for Cerebellin in the pathology of these diseases.
Catalog Number:
(10288-048)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Methylation at the 5'-position of cytosine is the only known naturally occurring covalent modification of the mammalian genome. DNA methylation requires the enzymatic activity of DNA 5-cytosine methyltransferase (Dnmt) proteins, which catalyze the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl methionine to the 5'-position of cytosines, thereby repressing expression of the target gene. Dnmt3L (DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3-like) is a 387 amino acid protein that contains one ADD-type zinc finger and is a member of the Dnmt family. Localized to the nucleus and expressed at lows levels in thymus, testis and ovary, Dnmt3L does not exhibit DNA methyltransferase activity, but is able to stimulate de novo methylation by Dnmt3 and is thought to play a key role in the establishment of genomic imprints. Additionally, Dnmt3L interacts with histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) and, through this interaction, mediates transcriptional repression. Multiple isoforms of Dnmt3L exist due to alternative splicing events.
Catalog Number:
(10250-548)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Proper nucleosome assembly is critical for compacting DNA into chromatin. In human and mouse there are 5 protein-coding genes which comprise the nucleosome assembly protein (NAP) family. NAP1L1 (NAP1) and NAP1L4 (NAP2) are ubiquitously expressed family members which have been the most extensively studied. The remaining three family members, NAP1L2, NAP1L3 and NAP1L5 are neuron-specific nucleosome assembly proteins translated from intronless genes which are monoallelically expressed. NAP1L2 (nucleosome assembly protein 1-like 2), also known as BPX (brain specific protein, X-linked), is a 460 amino acid protein containing acidic domains which are thought to mediate histone interactions. NAP1L2 binds to chromatin and interacts with Histones H3 and H4. The function of NAP1L2 is not clearly defined although evidence suggests that NAP1L2 influences histone acetylation and therefore may play a significant role in regulating transcription in developing neurons.
Catalog Number:
(10287-534)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
The steroid receptor superfamily acts through direct association with DNA sequences known as hormone response elements (HREs) and binds DNA as either homo- or heterodimers. The promiscuous mediator of heterodimerization, RXR, is the receptor for 9-cis retinoic acid, and dimerizes with VDR, TR, PPAR, and several novel receptors including LXR (also referred to as RLD-1) and FXR. FXR and LXR fall into a category of proteins termed “orphan receptors†because of their lack of a defined function, and in the case of LXR, the lack of a defined ligand. FXR has been shown to bind a class of lipid molecules called farnesoids. LXR/RXR heterodimers have highest affinity for DR-4 DNA elements while FXR/RXR heterodimers bind IR-1 elements. Both LXR/RXR and FXR/RXR heterodimers retain their responsiveness to 9-cis retinoic acid.
Catalog Number:
(10288-258)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Cytochromes P450 are a group of heme-thiolate monooxygenases. In liver microsomes, this enzyme is involved in an NADPH-dependent electron transport pathway. It oxidizes a variety of structurally unrelated compounds, including steroids, fatty acids, retinoid and xenobiotics. Preferentially oxidizes 17beta-estradiol to the carcinogenic 4-hydroxy derivative, and a variety of procarcinogenic compounds to their activated forms, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Promotes angiogenesis by removing cellular oxygenation products, thereby decreasing oxidative stress, release of antiangiogenic factor THBS2, then allowing endothelial cells migration, cell adhesion and capillary morphogenesis. These changes are concommitant with the endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity and nitric oxide synthesis. Plays an important role in the regulation of perivascular cell proliferation, migration, and survival through modulation of the intracellular oxidative state and NF-kappa-B expression and/or activity, during angiogenesis. Contributes to oxidative homeostasis and ultrastructural organization and function of trabecular meshwork tissue through modulation of POSTN expression.
Catalog Number:
(10278-932)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Phosphatidylserine receptor that enhances the engulfment of apoptotic cells. Hyaluronan receptor that binds to and mediates endocytosis of hyaluronic acid (HA). Acts also, in different species, as a primary systemic scavenger receptor for heparin (Hep), chondroitin sulfate (CS), dermatan sulfate (DS), nonglycosaminoglycan (GAG), acetylated low-density lipoprotein (AcLDL), pro-collagen propeptides and advanced glycation end products (AGE). May serve to maintain tissue integrity by supporting extracellular matrix turnover or it may contribute to maintaining fluidity of bodily liquids by resorption of hyaluronan. Counter receptor which plays an important role in lymphocyte recruitment in the hepatic vasculature. Binds to both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and may play a role in defense against bacterial infection. The proteolytically processed 190 kDa form also functions as an endocytosis receptor for heparin internalisation as well as HA and CS.
Catalog Number:
(10298-600)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
This gene encodes a G-protein beta-subunit-like polypeptide which is a member of the WD repeat protein family. WD repeats are minimally conserved regions of approximately 40 amino acids typically bracketed by gly-his and trp-asp (GH-WD), which may facilitate formation of heterotrimeric or multiprotein complexes. Members of this family are involved in a variety of cellular processes, including cell cycle progression, signal transduction, apoptosis, and gene regulation. This protein contains 6 WD repeats and is highly expressed in the heart. The gene maps to the region on chromosome 22q11, which is deleted in DiGeorge syndrome, trisomic in derivative 22 syndrome and tetrasomic in cat-eye syndrome. Therefore, this gene may contribute to the etiology of those disorders. Transcripts from this gene share exons with some transcripts from the C22orf29 gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008].
Catalog Number:
(10291-820)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
FOXRED1 is a 486 amino acid single-pass membrane protein. Utilizing FAD as a cofactor, FOXRED1 may act as a chaperone protein essential for the function of mitochondrial complex I. Mutations to FOXRED1 may result in mitochondrial complex I deficiency (MT-C1D), which results in a wide range of clinical maladies from lethal neonatal disease to adult onset neurodegenerative disorders. Common phenotypes of MT-C1D include cardiomyopathy, liver disease, Leigh syndrome, Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, and some forms of Parkinson disease. FOXRED1 exists as three alternatively spliced isoforms and is encoded by a gene mapping to human chromosome 11q24.2. With approximately 135 million base pairs and 1,400 genes, chromosome 11 makes up around 4% of human genomic DNA and is considered a gene and disease association dense chromosome.
Catalog Number:
(10259-614)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Transcription factors, OTX1 and OTX2, are two murine homologs of the Drosophila orthodenticle (OTD), show a limited amino acid sequence divergence. OTX1 and OTX2 play an important role during early and later events required for proper brain development in that they are involved in the processes of induction, specification and regionalization of the brain. OTX1 is involved in corticogenesis, sensory organ development and pituitary functions, while OTX2 is necessary earlier in development, for the correct anterior neural plate specification and organization of the primitive streak. OTX2 is also required in the early specification of the neuroectoderm, which is destined to become the fore-midbrain, and both OTX1 and OTX2 co-operate in patterning the developing brain through a dosage-dependent mechanism. A molecular mechanism depending on a precise threshold of OTX proteins is necessary for the correct positioning of the isthmic region and for anterior brain patterning. The genes which encode OTX1 and OTX2 map to human chromosomes 2p13 and 14q21-q22, respectively.
Catalog Number:
(10332-854)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Binds the telomeric double-stranded 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeat and plays a central role in telomere maintenance and protection against end-to-end fusion of chromosomes. In addition to its telomeric DNA-binding role, required to recruit a number of factors and enzymes required for telomere protection, including the shelterin complex, TERF2IP/RAP1 and DCLRE1B/Apollo. Component of the shelterin complex (telosome) that is involved in the regulation of telomere length and protection. Shelterin associates with arrays of double-stranded 5'-TTAGGG-3' repeats added by telomerase and protects chromosome ends; without its protective activity, telomeres are no longer hidden from the DNA damage surveillance and chromosome ends are inappropriately processed by DNA repair pathways. Together with DCLRE1B/Apollo, plays a key role in telomeric loop (T loop) formation by generating 3' single-stranded overhang at the leading end telomeres: T loops have been proposed to protect chromosome ends from degradation and repair. Required both to recruit DCLRE1B/Apollo to telomeres and activate the exonuclease activity of DCLRE1B/Apollo. Preferentially binds to positive supercoiled DNA. Together with DCLRE1B/Apollo, required to control the amount of DNA topoisomerase (TOP1, TOP2A and TOP2B) needed for telomere replication during fork passage and prevent aberrant telomere topology. Recruits TERF2IP/RAP1 to telomeres, thereby participating in to repressing homology-directed repair (HDR), which can affect telomere length.
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