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Catalog Number:
(10352-772)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Beta Arrestin 1 is a member of a family of proteins that are widely expressed but especially abundant in the central nervous system. Serving as an adaptor or scaffold molecule, beta Arrestin 1 is essential for mitogenic signaling. It mediates agonist dependent desensitization and internalization of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs, e.g., beta 2 adrenergic receptor). After binding to their ligand and interacting with heterotrimeric G proteins, GPCRs are phosphorylated by G protein receptor kinases (GRKs) on serine residues. Beta Arrestin 1 has important roles in the cytoplasm and at the plasma membrane in the desensitization and internalization of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and is increasingly appreciated to play an important role in the endocytosis and signaling of GPCRs. Beta Arrestin 1 in the cytosol is phosphorylated by ERK1 and 2 on serine 412 in a negative feedback mechanism and binds to the phosphorylated receptors at the plasma membrane. Serine 412 is then dephosphorylated and the GPCRs are internalized, leading to activation of the Ras, Raf, ERK1 and 2 signaling pathway.
Catalog Number:
(10460-854)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Apoptotic signals are often triggered by cell surface death receptors through protein-protein interactions mediated by conserved domains such as the death effector domain. A novel death effector domain (DED)-containing protein, DEDD2, has been recently identified. Over-expression of DEDD2 in transfected cells induces moderate apoptosis and results in substantial sensitization to apoptosis induced by Fas, TRAIL, and FADD. More recently, it has been shown that DEDD2 can bind caspase-8 and -10 in addition to FLIP but not FADD. Like the related protein DEDD, DEDD2 translocates from the cytosol to the nucleus upon induction of apoptosis, and it has been suggested that DEDD2 may target caspase-8 to the nucleus and that DEDD2 thus plays a critical role in death receptor-induced apoptosis. At least two alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been found for DEDD2.
Catalog Number:
(10452-020)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Water is a critical component of all living cells. Interestingly, tissue membranes show a great degree of water permeability. Mammalian red cells, renal proximal tubules, and descending thin limb of Henle are extraordinarily permeable to water. Water crosses hydrophobic plasma membranes either by simple diffusion or through a facilitative transport mechanism mediated by special protein aquaporins. Aquaporin 0 or MIP26 (major intrinsic protein 26kD), and Aquaporin 1 has been the foundation of the growing family of aquaporins. The lens specific Aquaporin 0 represents up to 80% of total lens membrane protein. Defects in Aquaporin 0 are a cause of autosomal recessive congenital cataract. The lens opacity mutation (LOP) is an AA substitution that inhibits targeting of MIP to the cell membrane. Human Aquaporin 0 is a 263 amino acid transmembrane protein belonging to the MIP family. Aquaporin families of proteins are predicted to contain six transmembrane domains. The N and C terminus are predicted to be cytoplasmic.
Catalog Number:
(10415-688)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades include MAPK or extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), MAPK kinase (MKK or MEK), and MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK or MEKK). MAPKK kinase/MEKK phosphorylates and activates its downstream protein kinase, MAPK kinase/MEK, which in turn activates MAPK. The kinases of these signaling cascades are highly conserved, and homologs exist in yeast, Drosophila, and mammalian cells. MAPKKK5 contains 1,374 amino acids with all 11 kinase subdomains. Northern blot analysis shows that MAPKKK5 transcript is abundantly expressed in human heart and pancreas. The MAPKKK5 protein phosphorylates and activates MKK4 (aliases SERK1, MAPKK4) in vitro, and activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) during transient expression in COS and 293 cells; MAPKKK5 does not activate MAPK/ERK.
Catalog Number:
(10412-386)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
The multiprotein exon junction complex (EJC) is deposited on mRNAs upstream of exon–exon junctions as a consequence of pre-mRNA splicing. In mammalian cells, this complex serves as a key modulator of spliced mRNA metabolism. MLN51 is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein that is overexpressed in breast cancer. The function of MLN51 in mammals remains elusive. Its fly homolog, named barentsz, as well as the proteins mago nashi and tsunagi have been shown to be required for proper oskar mRNA localization to the posterior pole of the oocyte. Magoh and Y14, the human homologs of mago nashi and tsunagi, are core components of the exon junction complex (EJC). The EJC is assembled on spliced mRNAs and plays important roles in post-splicing events including mRNA export, nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, and translation. Human MLN51 is an RNA-binding protein present in ribonucleo-protein complexes.
Catalog Number:
(10449-838)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
The Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) family of proteins consist of OSBP (OSBP1) and OSBP2 (ORP-4), which share a high overall similarity. OSBPs are involved in lipid metabolism and signal transduction, as well as vesicle transport, and can translocate to the periphery of Golgi membranes when they are bound to oxysterols. The OSBP protein transports sterols from lysosomes to the nucleus, where sterols downregulate the genes for HMG synthetase, HMG-CoA reductase and the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). OSBP localizes to the cytosol and is widely expressed, while OSBP2 is mainly detected in testis, retina and fetal liver. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway is controlled by OSBP via its cholesterol-binding properties. OSBP binds with a high affinity to 25-hydroxy-cholesterol (25-HC), a suppressor of cholesterol synthesis gene transcription in cultured cells.
Catalog Number:
(10446-344)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Protein phosphatase that is involved in many processes such as microtubule organization at centrosomes, maturation of spliceosomal snRNPs, apoptosis, DNA repair, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha signaling, activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase MAPK8, regulation of histone acetylation, DNA damage checkpoint signaling, NF-kappa-B activation and cell migration. The PPP4C-PPP4R1 PP4 complex may play a role in dephosphorylation and regulation of HDAC3. The PPP4C-PPP4R2-PPP4R3A PP4 complex specifically dephosphorylates H2AFX phosphorylated on Ser-140 (gamma-H2AFX) generated during DNA replication and required for DNA double strand break repair. Dephosphorylates NDEL1 at CDK1 phosphorylation sites and negatively regulates CDK1 activity in interphase (By similarity). In response to DNA damage, catalyzes RPA2 dephosphorylation, an essential step for DNA repair since it allows the efficient RPA2-mediated recruitment of RAD51 to chromatin.
Catalog Number:
(10413-324)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Protein kinases are enzymes that transfer a phosphate group from a phosphate donor onto an acceptor amino acid in a substrate protein. By this basic mechanism, protein kinases mediate most of the signal transduction in eukaryotic cells, regulating cellular metabolism, transcription, cell cycle progression, cytoskeletal rearrangement and cell movement, apoptosis, and differentiation. The protein kinase family is one of the largest families of proteins in eukaryotes, classified in 8 major groups based on sequence comparison of their tyrosine (PTK) or serine/threonine (STK) kinase catalytic domains. Epidermal Growth factor receptor (EGFR) is the prototype member of the type 1 receptor tyrosine kinases. EGFR overexpression in tumors indicates poor prognosis and is observed in tumors of the head and neck, brain, bladder, stomach, breast, lung, endometrium, cervix, vulva, ovary, esophagus, stomach and in squamous cell carcinoma.
Catalog Number:
(10347-792)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
The ankyrin repeat and SOCS box containing (ASB) protein family is comprised of members which each contain "SOCS boxes" but differ from other families of protein in the motifs they contain upstream of the SOCS box. SOCS boxes are carboxy terminal regions of homology found in the suppressor of cytokine signaling family of proteins. The box region is thought to be the point of interaction between SOCS proteins and E3 ubiquitin ligases. The SOCS box serves to couple suppressor of cytokine signalling (SOCS) proteins and their binding partners with the elongin B and C complex, possibly targeting them for degradation. The gene is induced by all trans retinoic acid. In myeloid leukemia cells, the expression of this encoded protein has been shown to induce growth inhibition and chromatin condensation. Multiple alternatively spliced transcript variants have been described for this gene but their full length sequences are not known.
Catalog Number:
(10481-340)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Serine protease which hydrolyzes a range of proteins including type I collagen, fibronectin and fibrinogen. Can also activate urokinase-type plasminogen activator with low efficiency. May play a specialized role in matrix remodeling processes in liver. Required to sense iron deficiency. Overexpression suppresses activation of the HAMP promoter.Involvement in disease:Defects in TMPRSS6 are the cause of iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia (IRIDA); also known as hypochromic microcytic anemia with defect in iron metabolism or hereditary iron-handling disorder or pseudo-iron-deficiency anemia. Key features include congenital hypochromic microcytic anemia, very low mean corpuscular erythrocyte volume, low transferrin saturation, abnormal iron absorption characterized by no hematologic improvement following treatment with oral iron, and abnormal iron utilization characterized by a sluggish, incomplete response to parenteral iron.
Catalog Number:
(10671-198)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Voltage-gated K+ channels in the plasma membrane control the repolarization and the frequency of action potentials in neurons, muscles and other excitable cells. The KV gene family encodes more than 30 proteins that comprise the subunits of the K+ channels, and they vary in their gating and permeation properties, subcellular distribution and expression patterns. Functional KV channels assemble as tetramers consisting of pore-forming å subunits (KV), which include the KV1, KV2, KV3 and KV4 proteins, and accessory or KV-subunits that modify the gating properties of the coexpressed KV subunits. KV∫, also known as KCNAB1 (potassium voltage-gated channel, shaker-related subfamily, beta member 1), is a 419 amino acid accessory K+ channel protein that exists as three alternatively spliced isoforms and regulates the activity of the pore-forming å subunit. It is expressed in brain, with highest levels detected in caudate nucleus, hippocampus and thalamus.
Catalog Number:
(10665-128)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
The G protein-coupled receptor TGR5 is a 330-amino acid protein that is almost universally expressed in human tissues including heart, skeletal muscle, spleen, kidney, liver, small intestine, placenta, and leukocytes, but not in brain, colon (without mucosa), thymus, or lung. TGR5 is sensitive to bile acids and responds through a significant mechanism that coordinates energy homeostasis. Bile acids activate mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways, specifically induce TGR5 internalization, promote an increase of guanosine 5'-O-3-thio-triphosphate binding in membrane fractions, and cause rapid intracellular cAMP production. Bile acids also provoke TGR5 to suppress macrophage functions. TGR5-controlled signaling pathways may be good candidates for drug targets to treat common metabolic diseases, such as obesity, type II diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis.
Catalog Number:
(10671-938)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
The RING-type zinc finger motif is present in a number of viral and eukaryotic proteins and is made of a conserved cysteine-rich domain that is able to bind two zinc atoms. Proteins that contain this conserved domain are generally involved in the ubiquitination pathway of protein degradation. RNF141 (ring finger protein 141), also known as ZFP26 or ZNF230, is a 230 amino acid protein that contains one RING-type zinc finger. Expressed as two isoforms (isoform 1 and isoform 2) due to alternative splicing events, RNF141 is thought to function as a transcription factor during spermatogenesis. While isoform 2 is expressed in brain, heart, pancreas, kidney and skeletal muscle, isoform 1 is expressed primarily in testis, suggesting that isoform 1 functions during spermatogenesis. In addition, RNF141 is not expressed in azoospermic (infertile) men, further implicating an important role for RNF141 in testis development and male fertility.
Catalog Number:
(10473-828)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Ankyrin is a membrane protein that mediates the attachment of the erythrocyte membrane skeleton to the plasma membrane and interacts with CD44 and inositol triphosphate. It contains three functional domains: a conserved N-terminal ankyrin repeat domain (ARD(consisting of 22–24 tandem repeats of 33 amino acids), a spectrin binding domain and a variably sized C-terminal regulatory domain. The ankyrin repeat is a 33-residue motif in proteins consisting of two alpha helices separated by loops. It has been studied using multiple sequence alignment to determine which conserved amino acid residues are critical for folding and stability. Ankyrin-repeat proteins have been associated with a number of human diseases; most notably, the cell cycle inhibitor p16 is associated with cancer and the Notch protein is a key component of cell signaling pathways whose intracellular repeat domain is disrupted in mutations that give rise to the neurological disorder known as CADASIL.
Catalog Number:
(10482-214)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Appears to be a potent inhibitor of regeneration following spinal cord injury.Nogo is an oligodendrocyte-specific member of the Reticulon family and is a component of CNS white matter that inhibits axon outgrowth, induces collapse of growth cones of chick dorsal root ganglion cells, and inhibits the spreading of 3T3 fibroblasts. Nogo is expressed by oligodendrocytes but not by Schwann cells, and associates primarily with the endoplasmic reticulum. Nogo exists in three different splice forms, Nogo-A, -B and -C. NIMP (NOGO-interacting mitochondrial protein), also known as RTN4IP1 (Reticulon-4-interacting protein 1), is a 396 amino acid mitochondrial protein that contains a C-terminal oxidoreductaselike domain and numerous sites for phosphorylation. NIMP is expressed in mitochondrial-rich tissue such as kidney, heart, skeletal muscle and specific regions within the nervous system. Through interaction with Nogo, it is likely that NIMP plays a role in Nogo-induced inhibition of neurite growth. There are three isoforms of NIMP that are produced as a result of alternative splicing events.
Catalog Number:
(10485-904)
Supplier:
Bioss
Description:
Membrane microdomains known as lipid rafts are implicated in B-cell activation during B-cell receptor (BCR) signal initiation. Raftlin-2, also designated RFTN2 (raftlin family member 2) or raft-linking protein 2, is a 501 amino acid cell membrane protein that is essential for raft cell assembly and maintenance. A lipid anchor protein, Raftlin-2 belongs to the raftlin family and is encoded by a gene that maps to human chromosome 2q33.1 and mouse chromosome 1 C1.2. Human chromosome 2 is the second largest human chromosome, which consists of 237 million bases, encodes over 1,400 genes and makes up approximately 8% of the human genome. A number of genetic diseases are linked to genes on chromosome 2. Harlequin icthyosis, a rare and morbid skin deformity, is associated with mutations in the ABCA12 gene. The lipid metabolic disorder sitosterolemia is associated with ABCG5 and ABCG8. An extremely rare recessive genetic disorder, Alstré°‰ syndrome is due to mutations in the ALMS1 gene.
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