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Description:
SCARB1 Antibody: Scavenger receptor class B member 1 (SCARB1), also known as SR-BI, is part of the scavenger receptor superfamily, which is composed of many members with diverse structures, expression patterns, and functions. SCARB1 is a multi-ligand cell-surface receptor that mediates the selective uptake of lipid from HDL cholesterol into cells and is expressed in steroidogenic tissues in adult animals. Other ligands of SCARB1 include native, acetylated, or oxidized LDL and anionic phospholipids. SCARB1-deficient mice have elevated HDL levels and increased susceptibility to atherosclerosis on fat feeding, indicating its importance in the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis. Along with CLDN1, LDL-R, and the tetraspanin superfamily member CD81, SCARB1 has been reported to be an entry factor for the Hepatitis C virus.
Description:
AMACR (alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase) has been recently described as prostate cancer-specific gene that encodes a protein involved in the beta-oxidation of branched chain fatty acids. Expression of AMACR protein is found in prostatic adenocarcinoma but not in benign prostatic tissue. It stains premalignant lesions of prostate: high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and atypical adenomatous hyperplasia. AMACR can be used as a positive marker for PIN. Defects in AMACR are the cause of congenital bile acid synthesis defect type 4 (CBAS4); also known as cholestasis, intrahepatic, with defective conversion of trihydroxycoprostanic acid to cholic acid or trihydroxycoprostanic acid in bile. Clinical features include neonatal jaundice, intrahepatic cholestasis, bile duct deficiency and absence of cholic acid from bile.
Description:
UNG1 Antibody: The human uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG) gene encodes both mitochondrial (UNG1) and nuclear (UNG2) forms through differentially regulated promotes and alternative splicing. While UNG2 is the major enzyme in the base excision repair pathway that removes uracil residues from nuclear DNA that arise through either misincorporation during replication or cytosine deamination, inhibition of UNG1 by uracil glycosylase inhibitor did not lead to increased levels of spontaneous or induced mitochondrial DNA mutations. However, decreased levels of UNG activity and increased oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA were seen in older mice, suggesting that mitochondrial DNA repair mechanisms may be involved in various neurodegenerative disorders in an age-dependent manner. This UNG1 antibody will not cross-react with UNG2.
Description:
UNG1 Antibody: The human uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG) gene encodes both mitochondrial (UNG1) and nuclear (UNG2) forms through differentially regulated promotes and alternative splicing. While UNG2 is the major enzyme in the base excision repair pathway that removes uracil residues from nuclear DNA that arise through either misincorporation during replication or cytosine deamination, inhibition of UNG1 by uracil glycosylase inhibitor did not lead to increased levels of spontaneous or induced mitochondrial DNA mutations. However, decreased levels of UNG activity and increased oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA were seen in older mice, suggesting that mitochondrial DNA repair mechanisms may be involved in various neurodegenerative disorders in an age-dependent manner. This UNG1 antibody will not cross-react with UNG2.
Description:
CAPN6 Antibody: Calpains make up a ubiquitously expressed, well-conserved family of calcium-dependent cysteine proteases. The calpain proteins are heterodimers consisting of an invariant small subunit and variable large subunits. This large subunit possesses a cysteine protease domain, and both subunits possess calcium-binding domains. Calpains have been implicated in neurodegenerative processes as their activation can be triggered by calcium influx and oxidative stress. Calpain 6 (CAPN6) is most similar to Calpain 5; the C-terminal region of CAPN6 lacks homology to the calmodulin-like domain of other vertebrate calpains. CAPN6 is thought to be involved in the regulation of microtubule dynamics and cytoskeletal organization. CAPN6 has also been recently identified as an HIV dependency factor (HDF), suggesting that CAPN6 may be an important drug target in HIV treatment.
Description:
RDH13, also known as all-trans and 9-cis retinol dehydrogenase 13 or SDR7C3, is a 331 amino acid mitochondrial protein belonging to the short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (SDR) family. Widely expressed, mostly in eye, pancreas, placenta and lung, RDH13 localizes on the outer side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Related to microsomal retinoid oxidoreductase RDH11, RDH13 is considered to be a major enzyme among the RDH family of proteins. Catalytically active, RDH13 recognizes retinoids as substrates and may function in retinoic acid production. RDH13 may function to protect the mitochondria against oxidative stress. Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) type 3, an inherited autosomal recessive retinal disease, has been associated with defects of RDH13. LCA represents the most common genetic cause of congenital visual impairment in infants and children.
Description:
SZT2 (seizure threshold 2 homolog (mouse)), also known as SZT2A or SZT2B, is a 3,432 amino acid peroxisomal protein that plays a role in resistance to oxidative stress. Predominantly expressed in the parietal and frontal cortex, as well as in dorsal root ganglia of the brain, SZT2 is implicated in superoxide dismutase activity and the neuroprotection in peroxisomes. Existing as four alternatively spliced isoforms, SZT2 is thought to enhance epileptogenesis and is encoded by a gene that maps to human chromosome 1p34.2. Human chromosome 1 spans 260 million base pairs, contains over 3,000 genes, comprises nearly 8% of the human genome and houses a large number of disease-associated genes, including those that are involved in familial adenomatous polyposis, Stickler syndrome, Parkinson?s disease, Gaucher disease, schizophrenia and Usher syndrome.
Description:
The 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) assay is routinely used in the determination of nitrite/nitrate levels in biological fluids and cellular extracts as one indicator of nitric oxide activity. The assay, as reported by Misko, uses the reaction of DAN with NO2- under acidic conditions to form a detectable fluorescent naphthotriazole. The reaction proceeds at acidic pH at room temperature. Fluorescence is monitored following the addition of NaOH, which raises pH, resulting in lower background and increased sensitivity (Ex/Em: ~365/415nm). However, detection at 450nm is recommended to avoid fluorescent blanks and increase sensitivity. The fluorescent background of DAN is low for maximum sensitivity. Detection limits of NO achieved by this method are in the high-pM range. 2,3-Diaminonaphtaline (DAN) is used as a derivatisation-reagent for the determination of selenium at low detection limits. The 4,5-benzopiaselenol-complex can be quantified by photometry or GC.
Description:
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is well known as one of the key enzymes involved in glycolysis. It catalyzes an important energy-yielding step in carbohydrate metabolism, the reversible oxidative phosphorylation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate in the presence of inorganic phosphate and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). The enzyme exists as a tetramer of identical chains. Besides its functioning as a glycolytic enzyme in cytoplasm, recent evidence suggest that mammalian GAPDH is also involved in a great number of intracellular proceses such as membrane fusion, microtubule bundling, phosphotransferase activity, nuclear RNA export, DNA replication, and DNA repair. During the last decade a lot of findings appeared concerning the role of GAPDH in different pathologies including prostate cancer progression, programmed neuronal cell death, age- related neuronal diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Huntington’s disease.
Description:
TMBZ is a chromogenic reagent utilized for peroxidase detection. It has been developed as an alternative to benzidine. Although the TMBZ solution is colorless, it turns bluish-green (lambdamax: 655 nm) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and peroxidase. The structure of this bluish-green complex is thought to be a radical form of two oxidized TMBZ molecules. This peroxidase substrate is used in staining procedures in immunohistochemistry as well as being a visualising reagent used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). The substrate produces a soluble end product that is pale blue in color and can be read spectrophotometrically at 370 or 620-650 nm. The TMB reaction may be stopped with 2M H2SO4 (resulting in a yellow color), and read at 450nm.
Description:
In human liver cytosolic fractions, four forms of biliverdin reductase have been identified, including two biliverdin-IX Beta reductases and two biliverdin-IX Alpha reductases, designated isozymes I and II and isozymes III and IV, respectively. Biliverdin reductase A (BLVRA), also designated biliverdin-IX Alpha-reductase, belongs to the GFO/iIDH/MocA family and the biliverdin reductase subfamily. The gene that encodes this cytoplasmic protein maps to chromosome 7p14-cen. BLVRA reduces biliverdin IX ?(the ?methene bridge of the open tetrapyrrole) to bilirubin with the concomitant oxidation of an NADH or NADPH cofactor (bilirubin + NADP+ = biliverdin + NADPH). BLVRA is expressed primarily in liver.
Description:
CLEC7A, also known as dectin-1, is a member of the C-type lectin/C-type lectin-like domain (CTL/CTLD) superfamily and is predominantly expressed on myeloid cells. It is a small glycoprotein type II membrane receptor with an extracellular C-type lectin-like domain fold and a cytoplasmic domain with an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM). CLEC7A functions as a pattern-recognition receptor that recognizes a variety of beta-1,3-linked and beta-1,6-linked glucans from fungi and plants, and in this way plays a role in innate immune response. Upon fungal exposure, CLEC7A activates Syk tyrosine kinase, triggering a massive oxidative burst through the formation of reactive oxygen species.
Description:
This gene encodes a member of the aldo/keto reductase superfamily, which consists of more than 40 known enzymes and proteins. These enzymes catalyze the conversion of aldehydes and ketones to their corresponding alcohols by utilizing NADH and/or NADPH as cofactors. The enzymes display overlapping but distinct substrate specificity. This enzyme catalyzes the reduction of prostaglandin (PG) D2, PGH2 and phenanthrenequinone (PQ), and the oxidation of 9alpha,11beta-PGF2 to PGD2. It may play an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases such as asthma, and may also have a role in controlling cell growth and/or differentiation. This gene shares high sequence identity with three other gene members and is clustered with those three genes at chromosome 10p15-p14.
Description:
17beta-HSD8 belongs to the 17beta-HSD family of proteins that regulate the availability of steroids within a tissue. 17beta-HSD8 converts active steroids to their inactive form through its oxidative activity. It is a key player in the inactivation of Estradiol and Testosterone. 17beta-HSD8 is predominantly expressed in placenta, endometrium and prostate but can also be found in liver, and pancreas, with lowest levels found in testis, ovary and kidney. It has been proposed that a reduction in the levels of 17beta-HSD8 may lead to abnormal elevations in the local level of sex steroids, which can lead to recessive renal cystic disease. It has also been suggested that low levels of 17beta-HSD proteins may result in an underdeveloped urogenital system.
Description:
17beta-HSD8 belongs to the 17beta-HSD family of proteins that regulate the availability of steroids within a tissue. 17beta-HSD8 converts active steroids to their inactive form through its oxidative activity. It is a key player in the inactivation of Estradiol and Testosterone. 17beta-HSD8 is predominantly expressed in placenta, endometrium and prostate but can also be found in liver, and pancreas, with lowest levels found in testis, ovary and kidney. It has been proposed that a reduction in the levels of 17beta-HSD8 may lead to abnormal elevations in the local level of sex steroids, which can lead to recessive renal cystic disease. It has also been suggested that low levels of 17beta-HSD proteins may result in an underdeveloped urogenital system.
Description:
GLUD2 is both mitochondrial matrix enzymes belonging to the Glu/Leu/Phe/Val dehydrogenases family. Exisiting as homohexamers, GLUD1 catalyzes the oxidative deamination of glutamate to ?ketoglutarate and ammonia while GLUD2 is involved in the recycling of glutamate during neurotransmission. GLUD1 is critical for regulating amino acid induced insulin secretion and is allosterically activated by ADP and inhibited by GTP and ATP. Mutations in the gene encoding GLUD1 causes hyperinsulinism-hyperammonemia syndrome (HHS), which is an inherited condition characterized by high insulin and ammonia levels in the blood. GLUD1 may also be involved in learning and memory reactions by increasing the turnover of the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. GLUD2 is expressed in testis and retina, with lower levels found in brain.
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